Hierarchical clustering analysis showed transcriptomes of HW were readily distinguishable from those of PW (Fig. A total of 605 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) between the HW and PW groups were identified as described in вЂњ MethodsвЂќ. In order to elucidate molecular mechanisms by which hydrogen-rich water consumption affects the apoptosis and immune cell profiles of PBMC, RNA-sequencing analysis in a genome-wide scale was carried out using total sets of RNAs from 6 individuals that included three randomly selected samples per group. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of H 2-rich water (HW) consumption in healthy adults through the extensive analyses of antioxidant capacity, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) subsets and their transcriptome profile and to compare the effects of HW consumption with those of plain water (PW) consumption.ДЇull size table Transcriptome profiles of PBMCs Furthermore, the systemic effect of H 2 administration has not been elucidated because most of the preceding studies have only focused on measuring limited markers. Some clinical trials have also determined the effect of H 2 on the several diseases including metabolic syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic hepatitis B and ParkinsonвЂ™s disease 15, 16, 17, 18.Дespite the increasing evidence attesting to the beneficial effects of H 2, to our knowledge, few studies have been conducted in a healthy population. In rat models of neurodegenerative disorders, including ParkinsonвЂ™s and AlzheimerвЂ™s diseases, administration of H 2 improved the memory function of rats and retarded the progression of disease 13, 14. In models of ischemia/reperfusion injury, H 2 prevented tissue damage and reduced infarct size 10, 11, 12. H 2 can be a novel antioxidant because of its ability to selectively scavenge strong oxidants such as hydroxyl radical 9. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration acknowledged hydrogen (H 2) gas as food additives when used in drinking water or beverages and declared them to be generally recognized as safe. As a result, it has been of increasing interest to assess adjuvant effects of antioxidant agents in food on prevention and alleviation of these diseases. There is no doubt that oxidative stress plays a central role in the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases. As a result, oxidative stress can act to precipitate chronic inflammation, with pathological conditions triggering various disorders including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer 5, 6, 7, 8.

Also, oxidative stress may provoke inflammatory responses 3, 4 that can further enhance oxidative stress. Excessive level of ROS are responsible for oxidative damage of DNA and lipids, which may lead to cellular death 3. It is important for cells to maintain moderate levels of ROS to perform normal physiological functions 2. Oxidative stress indicates a state where excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) overwhelm the biological antioxidant capacity, leading to disruption of ROS homeostasis and cellular damage 1. These finding suggest HW increases antioxidant capacity thereby reducing inflammatory responses in healthy adults. Most notably, transcriptional networks of inflammatory responses and NF-ОєB signaling were significantly down-regulated in the HW group. RNA-sequencing analysis of PBMCs demonstrated that the transcriptomes of the HW group were clearly distinguished from those of the PW group. Flow cytometry analysis of CD4 +, CD8 +, CD20 +, CD14 + and CD11b + cells showed that the frequency of CD14 + cells decreased in the HW group. Apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was significantly less in the HW group. The changes from baseline to the 4th week in serum biological antioxidant potential (BAP), derivatives of reactive oxygen, and 8-Oxo-2вЂІ-deoxyguanosine did not differ between groups however, in those agedвЂ‰в‰ҐвЂ‰30 y, BAP increased greater in the HW group than the PW group. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, healthy adults (20вЂ“59 y) consumed either 1.5 L/d of HW ( nвЂ‰=вЂ‰20) or plain water (PW, nвЂ‰=вЂ‰18) for 4В weeks. We aimed to investigate the effects of HW consumption on oxidative stress and immune functions in healthy adults using systemic approaches of biochemical, cellular, and molecular nutrition. The evidence for the beneficial effects of drinking hydrogen-water (HW) is rare.

Hydrogen water